Jamaica

Introduction
Background:	Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a drop off in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.
Geography
Location:	Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba
Geographic coordinates:	18 15 N, 77 30 W
Map references:	Central America and the Caribbean
Area:	total: 10,991 sq km land: 10,831 sq km water: 160 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Connecticut
Land boundaries:	0 km
Coastline:	1,022 km
Maritime claims:	measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
Climate:	tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Terrain:	mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m
Natural resources:	bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Land use:	arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 10.16% other: 73.77% (2001)
Irrigated land:	250 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	hurricanes (especially July to November)
Environment - current issues:	heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:	strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal
People
Population:	2,731,832 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 27.5% (male 385,099/female 367,398) 15-64 years: 65.6% (male 897,953/female 893,509) 65 years and over: 6.9% (male 83,632/female 104,241) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 27.25 years male: 26.55 years female: 27.97 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	0.71% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	16.56 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	-4.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 12.36 deaths/1,000 live births male: 13.35 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.32 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 76.29 years male: 74.23 years female: 78.45 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	1.95 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	1.2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	22,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	900 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Jamaican(s) adjective: Jamaican
Ethnic groups:	black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Religions:	Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other including some spiritual cults 34.7%
Languages:	English, patois English
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school total population: 87.9% male: 84.1% female: 91.6% (2003 est.)
Government
Country name:	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Jamaica
Government type:	constitutional parliamentary democracy
Capital:	Kingston
Administrative divisions:	14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland note: for local government purposes, Kingston and Saint Andrew were amalgamated in 1923 into the present single corporate body known as the Kingston and Saint Andrew Corporation
Independence:	6 August 1962 (from UK)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 6 August (1962)
Constitution:	6 August 1962
Legal system:	based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991) head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime minister
Legislative branch:	bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held in October 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal
Political parties and leaders:	Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Bruce GOLDING]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Hyacinth BENNETT]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
International organization participation:	ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, FAO, G-15, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Flag description:	diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)
Economy
Economy - overview:	The Jamaican economy is heavily dependent on services, which now account for 60% of GDP. The country continues to derive most of its foreign exchange from tourism, remittances, and bauxite/alumina. The global economic slowdown, particularly after the terrorist attacks in the US on 11 September 2001, stunted economic growth; the economy rebounded moderately in 2003-04, with brisk tourist seasons. But the economy faces serious long-term problems: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a sizable merchandise trade deficit; large-scale unemployment; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to ailing sectors of the economy. The ratio of debt to GDP is close to 150%. Inflation, previously a bright spot, is expected to remain in the double digits. Uncertain economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including gang violence fueled by the drug trade. In 2004, the government faced the difficult prospect of having to achieve fiscal discipline in order to maintain debt payments while simultaneously attacking a serious and growing crime problem which is hampering economic growth. Attempts at deficit control were derailed by Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, which required substantial government spending to repair the damage. Despite the hurricane, tourism looks set to enjoy solid growth for the foreseeable future.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $11.13 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	1.9% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $4,100 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 6.1% industry: 32.7% services: 61.3% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	1.14 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 20.1%, industry 16.6%, services 63.4% (2003)
Unemployment rate:	15% (2004 est.)
Population below poverty line:	19.7% (2002 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.7% highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	37.9 (2000)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	12.4% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	32% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $2.793 billion expenditures: $3.157 billion, including capital expenditures of $236 million (2004 est.)
Public debt:	146.1% of GDP (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:	sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, yams, vegetables, poultry, goats, milk, crustaceans, and mollusks
Industries:	tourism, bauxite/alumina, textiles, agro processing, wearing apparel, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products, telecommunications
Industrial production growth rate:	-2% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production:	6.289 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: 96.8% hydro: 1.8% nuclear: 0% other: 1.4% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	5.849 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	66,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Current account balance:	$-830.7 million (2004 est.)
Exports:	$1.679 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, rum, coffee, yams, beverages, chemicals, wearing apparel, mineral fuels
Exports - partners:	US 17.2%, Canada 14.3%, France 12.6%, China 11.4%, UK 8.6%, Netherlands 7%, Norway 5.8%, Germany 5.6% (2004)
Imports:	$3.624 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	food and other consumer goods, industrial supplies, fuel, parts and accessories of capital goods, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials
Imports - partners:	US 38.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 10.3%, Venezuela 5.6%, France 5.5%, Japan 4.6% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$1.4 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:	$5.964 billion (2004 est.)
Currency (code):	Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Currency code:	JMD
Exchange rates:	Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 61.197 (2004), 57.741 (2003), 48.416 (2002), 45.996 (2001), 42.986 (2000)
Fiscal year:	1 April - 31 March
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use:	444,400 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	1.4 million (2002)
Telephone system:	general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network domestic: NA international: country code - 1-876; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios:	1.215 million (1997)
Television broadcast stations:	7 (1997)
Televisions:	460,000 (1997)
Internet country code:	.jm
Internet hosts:	1,480 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	21 (2000)
Internet users:	600,000 (2002)
Transportation
Railways:	total: 272 km standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge note: 207 of these km belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation had been in common carrier service until 1992 but are no longer operational; 57 km of the remaining track is privately owned and used by ALCAN to transport bauxite (2003)
Highways:	total: 18,700 km paved: 13,109 km unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)
Ports and harbors:	Kingston, Port Esquivel, Port Kaiser, Port Rhoades, Rocky Point
Merchant marine:	total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 74,881 GRT/100,682 DWT by type: bulk carrier 5, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 3 foreign-owned: 8 (Germany 2, Greece 5, UAE 1) (2005)
Airports:	35 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 5 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 22 (2004 est.)
Military
Military branches:	Jamaica Defense Force: Ground Forces, Coast Guard, Air Wing
Military manpower - military age and obligation:	18 years of age for voluntary military service; younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent (2001)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 18-49: 696,900 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 587,006 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 26,080 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$31.2 million (2003)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	0.4% (2003)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:	none
Illicit drugs:	major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions

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