Ghana

Introduction
Background:	Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first sub-Saharan country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. A long series of coups resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and a ban on political parties. A new constitution, restoring multiparty politics, was approved in 1992. Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. John KUFUOR, who defeated former Vice President Atta MILLS in a free and fair election, succeeded him.
Geography
Location:	Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo
Geographic coordinates:	8 00 N, 2 00 W
Map references:	Africa
Area:	total: 239,460 sq km land: 230,940 sq km water: 8,520 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries:	total: 2,094 km border countries: Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km
Coastline:	539 km
Maritime claims:	territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:	tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Terrain:	mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m
Natural resources:	gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower, petroleum, silver, salt, limestone
Land use:	arable land: 16.26% permanent crops: 9.67% other: 74.07% (2001)
Irrigated land:	110 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	dry, dusty, northeastern harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
Environment - current issues:	recurrent drought in north severely affects agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:	Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake
People
Population:	21,029,853 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 37.1% (male 3,946,326/female 3,862,390) 15-64 years: 59.1% (male 6,203,035/female 6,235,107) 65 years and over: 3.7% (male 366,472/female 416,523) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 20.45 years male: 20.2 years female: 20.7 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.25% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	23.97 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	10.84 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	-0.59 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 51.43 deaths/1,000 live births male: 54.25 deaths/1,000 live births female: 48.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 56 years male: 55.04 years female: 56.99 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	3.02 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	3.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	350,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	30,000 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Ghanaian(s) adjective: Ghanaian
Ethnic groups:	black African 98.5% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%, Gurma 3%, Yoruba 1%), European and other 1.5% (1998)
Religions:	Christian 63%, Muslim 16%, indigenous beliefs 21%
Languages:	English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 74.8% male: 82.7% female: 67.1% (2003 est.)
Government
Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of Ghana conventional short form: Ghana former: Gold Coast
Government type:	constitutional democracy
Capital:	Accra
Administrative divisions:	10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
Independence:	6 March 1957 (from UK)
National holiday:	Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
Constitution:	approved 28 April 1992
Legal system:	based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:	18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 December 2004 (next to be held December 2008) election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR reelected president in election; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 53.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.7%
Legislative branch:	unicameral Parliament (230 seats; note - increased from 200 seats in last election; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 7 December 2004 (next to be held December 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 128, NDC 92, other 10
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court
Political parties and leaders:	Convention People's Party or CPP [Nii Noi DOWUONA, general secretary]; Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman]; Great Consolidated Popular Party or GCPP [Dan LARTY]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]; Reform Party [Kyeretwie OPUKU, general secretary]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	NA
International organization participation:	ACP, AfDB, AU, C, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Flag description:	three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
Economy
Economy - overview:	Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has roughly twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. Even so, Ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and technical assistance. Gold, timber, and cocoa production are major sources of foreign exchange. The domestic economy continues to revolve around subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 34% of GDP and employs 60% of the work force, mainly small landholders. Ghana opted for debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) program in 2002. Priorities include tighter monetary and fiscal policies, accelerated privatization, and improvement of social services. Receipts from the gold sector helped sustain GDP growth in 2004. Inflation should ease, but remain a major internal problem.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $48.27 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	5.4% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 34.3% industry: 24.2% services: 41.4% (2004 est.)
Labor force:	10.24 million (2004 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)
Unemployment rate:	20% (1997 est.)
Population below poverty line:	31.4% (1992 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: 2.2% highest 10%: 30.1% (1999)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:	40.7 (1999)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	13% (2004 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):	19.7% of GDP (2004 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $2.17 billion expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of NA (2004 est.)
Agriculture - products:	cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
Industries:	mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing, cement, small commercial ship building
Industrial production growth rate:	3.8% (2000 est.)
Electricity - production:	6.922 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: 5% hydro: 95% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	6.137 billion kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	500 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	200 million kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	7,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	38,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Oil - proved reserves:	8.255 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - proved reserves:	11.89 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:	$83.87 million (2004 est.)
Exports:	$3.01 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Exports - commodities:	gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds
Exports - partners:	Netherlands 11.1%, UK 10.9%, France 6.9%, US 6%, Belgium 4.8%, Germany 4.4%, Japan 4.3% (2004)
Imports:	$3.699 billion f.o.b. (2004 est.)
Imports - commodities:	capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:	Nigeria 12.8%, China 10.1%, UK 7%, US 6.7%, France 5.3%, South Africa 4.2%, Netherlands 4.2%, Germany 4.1% (2004)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:	$1.267 billion (2004 est.)
Debt - external:	$7.396 billion (2004 est.)
Currency (code):	cedi (GHC)
Currency code:	GHC
Exchange rates:	cedis per US dollar - 9,004.6 (2004), 8,677.4 (2003), 7,932.7 (2002), 7,170.8 (2001), 5,455.1 (2000)
Fiscal year:	calendar year
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use:	302,300 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	799,900 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible; many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services is underway domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed international: country code - 233; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors; fiber optic submarine cable (SAT-3/WASC) provides connectivity to Europe and Asia
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 0, FM 49, shortwave 3 (2001)
Radios:	12.5 million (2001)
Television broadcast stations:	10 (2001)
Televisions:	1.9 million (2001)
Internet country code:	.gh
Internet hosts:	407 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	12 (2000)
Internet users:	170,000 (2002)
Transportation
Railways:	total: 953 km narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (2004)
Highways:	total: 46,176 km paved: 8,496 km unpaved: 37,679 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:	1,293 km note: 168 km for launches and lighters on Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers; 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways on Lake Volta (2003)
Pipelines:	refined products 74 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Takoradi, Tema
Merchant marine:	total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 19,086 GRT/26,185 DWT by type: petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 3 foreign-owned: 1 (Brazil 1) (2005)
Airports:	12 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 7 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Military
Military branches:	Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower - military age and obligation:	18 years of age for compulsory and volunteer military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 18-49: 4,761,226 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 2,721,239 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 250,782 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$49.2 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	0.6% (2004)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:	Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Refugees and internally displaced persons::	refugees (country of origin): 42,466 (Liberia) (2004)
Illicit drugs:	illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; major transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and, to a lesser extent, South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US; widespread crime and money laundering problem, but the lack of a well-developed financial infrastructure limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center

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