Fiji

Introduction
Background:	Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). A 1990 constitution favored native Melanesian control of Fiji, but led to heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority. Amendments enacted in 1997 made the constitution more equitable. Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by an Indo-Fijian, but a coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001 provided Fiji with a democratically elected government and gave a mandate to the government of Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE.
Geography
Location:	Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Geographic coordinates:	18 00 S, 175 00 E
Map references:	Oceania
Area:	total: 18,270 sq km land: 18,270 sq km water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative:	slightly smaller than New Jersey
Land boundaries:	0 km
Coastline:	1,129 km
Maritime claims:	measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; rectilinear shelf claim added
Climate:	tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Terrain:	mostly mountains of volcanic origin
Elevation extremes:	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m
Natural resources:	timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower
Land use:	arable land: 10.95% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (2001)
Irrigated land:	30 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:	cyclonic storms can occur from November to January
Environment - current issues:	deforestation; soil erosion
Environment - international agreements:	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:	includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited
People
Population:	893,354 (July 2005 est.)
Age structure:	0-14 years: 31.4% (male 143,066/female 137,346) 15-64 years: 64.5% (male 288,434/female 287,720) 65 years and over: 4.1% (male 16,797/female 19,991) (2005 est.)
Median age:	total: 24.28 years male: 23.84 years female: 24.74 years (2005 est.)
Population growth rate:	1.4% (2005 est.)
Birth rate:	22.73 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Death rate:	5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Net migration rate:	-3.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sex ratio:	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Infant mortality rate:	total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:	total population: 69.53 years male: 67.05 years female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)
Total fertility rate:	2.75 children born/woman (2005 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:	0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:	600 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:	less than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:	noun: Fijian(s) adjective: Fijian
Ethnic groups:	Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and other 5% (1998 est.)
Religions:	Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim 8%, other 2% note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is a Muslim minority (1986)
Languages:	English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Literacy:	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.7% male: 95.5% female: 91.9% (2003 est.)
Government
Country name:	conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands conventional short form: Fiji
Government type:	republic note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987
Capital:	Suva (Viti Levu)
Administrative divisions:	4 divisions and 1 dependency; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma, Western
Independence:	10 October 1970 (from UK)
National holiday:	Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)
Constitution:	promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level
Legal system:	based on British system
Suffrage:	21 years of age; universal
Executive branch:	chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda (since 18 July 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10 September 2000) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%
Legislative branch:	bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (34 seats; 24 appointed by the President on the advice of the Great Council of Chiefs, nine appointed by the president, and one appointed by the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three reserved for other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats; members serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 25 August through 1 September and 19 September 2001 (next to be held not later than September 2006) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - FLP 26.5%, SDL 27.5%, NFP 1.2%, MV 4.2%, NLUP 1.3%, UGP .3%, independents 1.4%; seats by party - FLP 27, SDL 32, MV 6, NFP 1, NLUP 2, UGP 1, independents 2
Judicial branch:	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts
Political parties and leaders:	Bai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; Conservative Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE]; Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic Party or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or FAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily Fijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Tupeni BABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General Voters Party or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party); Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Party or AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA]; National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE]; Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of National Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT [leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick BEDDOES]
Political pressure groups and leaders:	NA
International organization participation:	ACP, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Flag description:	light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree, bananas, and a white dove
Economy
Economy - overview:	Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports and a growing tourist industry - with 300,000 to 400,000 tourists annually - are the major sources of foreign exchange. Sugar processing makes up one-third of industrial activity, but is inefficient. Long-term problems include low investment, uncertain land ownership rights, and the government's ability to manage its budget. Yet short-run economic prospects are good, provided tensions do not again erupt between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians. Overseas remittances from Fijians working in Kuwait and Iraq have increased significantly.
GDP:	purchasing power parity - $5.173 billion (2004 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:	3.6% (2004 est.)
GDP - per capita:	purchasing power parity - $5,900 (2004 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:	agriculture: 16.6% industry: 22.4% services: 61% (2001 est.)
Labor force:	137,000 (1999)
Labor force - by occupation:	agriculture, including subsistence agriculture 70% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:	7.6% (1999)
Population below poverty line:	25.5% (1990-91)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):	1.6% (2002 est.)
Budget:	revenues: $427.9 million expenditures: $531.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2000 est.)
Agriculture - products:	sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), rice, sweet potatoes, bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish
Industries:	tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small cottage industries
Industrial production growth rate:	NA
Electricity - production:	750 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source:	fossil fuel: 18.5% hydro: 81.5% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption:	697.5 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports:	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports:	0 kWh (2002)
Oil - production:	0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:	5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:	NA
Oil - imports:	NA
Exports:	$609 million f.o.b. (2002)
Exports - commodities:	sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil
Exports - partners:	US 23.6%, Australia 19.2%, UK 12.8%, Samoa 6.2%, Japan 4.1% (2004)
Imports:	$835 million c.i.f. (2002)
Imports - commodities:	manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, food, chemicals
Imports - partners:	Australia 27.7%, Singapore 24.8%, New Zealand 17.8%, Japan 4.2% (2004)
Debt - external:	$188.1 million (2001 est.)
Currency (code):	Fijian dollar (FJD)
Currency code:	FJD
Exchange rates:	Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.7331 (2004), 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002), 2.2766 (2001), 2.1286 (2000)
Fiscal year:	calendar year
Communications
Telephones - main lines in use:	102,000 (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:	109,900 (2003)
Telephone system:	general assessment: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications center domestic: NA international: country code - 679; access to important cable links between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:	AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios:	541,476 (1999)
Television broadcast stations:	NA
Televisions:	88,110 (1999)
Internet country code:	.fj
Internet hosts:	493 (2003)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):	2 (2000)
Internet users:	55,000 (2003)
Transportation
Railways:	total: 597 km narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2003)
Highways:	total: 3,440 km paved: 1,692 km unpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:	203 km note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges (2004)
Ports and harbors:	Lambasa, Lautoka, Suva
Merchant marine:	total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,372 GRT/7,453 DWT by type: passenger 3, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 2 foreign-owned: 1 (Australia 1) (2005)
Airports:	28 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:	total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways:	total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)
Military
Military branches:	Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval Division (2005)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:	18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)
Military manpower - availability:	males age 18-49: 215,104 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:	males age 18-49: 163,960 (2005 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:	males: 9,266 (2005 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:	$36 million (2004)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:	2.2% (FY02)
Transnational Issues
Disputes - international:	none

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